Immune and infectious diseases Archive

Sepsis causes or contributes to an estimated 20% of all deaths worldwide. The condition begins with an infection that spreads and over activates the immune system, which releases damaging inflammatory chemicals that lead to organ failure. Any infection can trigger sepsis, but those that begin in the lungs, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, or skin are more likely to do so. Older people are more susceptible to sepsis. The condition may be avoided by stopping bacterial or viral infections from occurring or worsening.

In October 2024, the CDC lowered the age for healthy adults to receive a pneumococcal vaccine to 50 from 65. It also recommends a second dose of the 2024-25 COVID vaccine for people 65 and older and immunocompromised people six months after their last dose.

Research has shown that men can have a higher risk for heart attacks and strokes if they suffer from certain medical conditions that might seem unrelated to heart disease. These conditions include erectile dysfunction, gum disease, peripheral artery disease, and urinary tract infections. Many factors that contribute to heart disease like inflammation and fatty deposits in the arteries are involved in these other conditions.

Some scientists believe that microbes might play a part in Alzheimer's disease development. They say it could be that certain viruses or bacteria that infect the brain aren't completely eradicated by the immune system, which leads to neuroinflammation and brain cell death. It could also be that microbes trigger the release of protein deposits-amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles-which kill neurons, further increase neuroinflammation, and lead to more neuron death.

Keeping hands clean is a simple way to protect against from colds and flu. Proper handwashing involves using plenty of soap, lukewarm water and taking at least 20 seconds to clean the back of hands, between the fingers, and around the nails.

Avoiding germs that cause respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses is especially important during the winter months, when cases are on the rise. Learn which strategies keep you safe.

Long COVID is the continuation or development of new symptoms three months after the initial infection from SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID) without any other explanation. An estimated 6% to 11% of adults who have had COVID have long COVID. Researchers continue to learn about how it affects people and its possible long-term risks. The best protection against long COVID is avoiding COVID infection by getting vaccinated and wearing a mask in crowded areas.