Vitamins, minerals, herbs, and supplements Archive

Like most vitamins, B₁₂ can't be made by the body and must be gotten from food or supplements. A B₁₂ deficiency -- which might stem from a vegan or vegetarian diet, or problems with absorption due to weight loss surgery or aging -- can seriously harm nerves, mood, thinking, energy, and more.

A 2026 study found that low vitamin D levels may increase the risk of hospitalization for respiratory infections (such as colds, flu, pneumonia, and bronchitis) by as much as 33%. Sunlight, foods containing vitamin D, and supplements help maintain healthy vitamin D levels.

A 2025 study suggests that very low levels of lithium in the brain might be linked to Alzheimer's disease. In mice, certain lithium supplements seemed to protect memory and the brain. But scientists don't yet know if lithium pills are safe or helpful for people.

Elderberry syrup or tea may help reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms, but the evidence for these benefits is uncertain. Claims that elderberry products can prevent viral infections or boost immunity are unproven.

Saw palmetto is a popular "natural" choice for urinary symptoms from an enlarged prostate, but high-quality studies show little or no real benefit. Men are urged to talk with a doctor first, both to rule out serious causes and avoid misplaced hope.

A pescatarian diet pairs plant-based eating with fish and shellfish, offering key nutrients and heart- and brain-protective omega-3s. Choosing smaller, sustainably caught seafood helps limit environmental impact and mercury exposure.

Synthetic dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, creams, and gels. The supplement is marketed for "fountain of youth" effects, but evidence about its actual effects is mixed.

Muscle loss is common after middle age. To counter muscle loss, it's essential to strength train regularly and consume lots of protein. Whole foods are the best sources of protein, but protein supplements might also be used.

There is little evidence that dietary supplements marketed as performance enhancers do more than following a well-balanced diet. Two nutrients that can help people during extended exercise are carbohydrates and caffeine.

Elderberry syrup or tea may help reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms. But the evidence for these benefits is uncertain, since the studies are small and most did not compare elderberry to standard treatments. Claims that elderberry products can prevent viral infections or boost immunity are unproven. Elderberry supplements appear to be relatively safe; in clinical trials, effects such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea were mild and rare.