Amenorrhea

What is amenorrhea?

Amenorrhea is when a woman of childbearing age fails to menstruate. A woman normally menstruates every 23 to 35 days.

The part of the brain called the hypothalamus regulates the menstrual cycle. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland lies just below the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.

The pituitary gland releases two hormones that regulate the female reproductive cycle. They are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

LH and FSH influence the production of estrogen and progesterone. These hormones control cyclic changes in the lining of the uterus. This includes menstruation.

In order for a woman to have regular menstrual cycles, her hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and uterus must be functioning properly. Her cervix and vagina must also have a normal anatomy.

There are two types of amenorrhea:

Primary amenorrhea occurs when a woman has not had her first menstrual period (menarche) by age 15 or 16. This condition is also called delayed menarche. It is most often due to late puberty.

This is fairly common in teenage girls who are very thin or very athletic. These young women are typically underweight. Their bodies have not experienced the normal puberty-related rise in body fat. This rise in body fat triggers the beginning of menstruation.

In other girls, the delay of menstruation may be caused by a genetic disorder. Or it may result from abnormal female reproductive organs.

Secondary amenorrhea occurs when a woman has experienced menstrual periods, but stops menstruating for three or more consecutive months.

Secondary amenorrhea can be caused by:

• pregnancy (the most common cause)
• breastfeeding
• menopause, the normal age-related end of menstruation
• emotional or physical stress
• rapid weight loss
• frequent strenuous exercise
• hormonal birth control methods, including birth control pills, the patch, and long-acting progesterone
• polycystic ovary syndrome (this condition is associated with a tendency to be overweight, excessive body and facial hair, and hormonal irregularities)
• premature ovarian failure (menopause before age 40)
• hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus)
• abnormal production of certain hormones, such as testosterone, thyroid, and cortisone
• tumors of the pituitary gland
• chemotherapy.

Female athletes, especially young women, are more likely to have amenorrhea. Exercise itself does not cause amenorrhea. But it is more likely in women who exercise very intensely or who increase the intensity of their exercise rapidly.

Secondary amenorrhea occurs quite often in women who engage in activities associated with lower body weight, such as ballet and gymnastics.

Symptoms of amenorrhea

Amenorrhea is a symptom in itself.

Any associated symptoms depend on the problem that is causing the amenorrhea.

For example, hormone imbalances may cause amenorrhea together with:

• excess body and facial hair
• acne
• lowering of the voice
• altered sex drive
• breast milk secretions
• weight gain.

Diagnosing amenorrhea

Your doctor will ask you about:

• the date of your last menstrual period
• whether you are sexually active
• your birth control methods
• your pregnancy history
• your eating habits
• rapid weight changes
• obesity or extreme underweight
• your typical monthly menstrual patterns
• the age when your mother entered menopause (many mothers and daughters enter menopause at about the same age)
• the amount of stress in your life, and how you deal with it
• your exercise regimen
• the types of medications you are taking.

Your doctor will review your medical history. He or she will do a general physical examination, followed by a thorough pelvic exam. Your doctor will check whether you are pregnant.

If your doctor suspects a specific cause, he or she will ask additional questions. For example, if your doctor suspects a hormonal abnormality, he or she may ask about:

• acne
• increased body hair
• extreme sensitivity to cold temperatures
• dry skin
• constipation
• hair loss
• unusual breast secretions.

If you are an athlete, your doctor will ask about your training program. This is particularly likely if you are underweight or have a low percentage of body fat.

Your doctor may order blood and urine tests to detect possible hormone imbalances. Common blood tests performed include the pituitary hormones FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), prolactin, and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone. Pelvic ultrasound, a painless test that uses sound waves, can identify structural problems in your uterus and ovaries.

Additional testing may be necessary to pinpoint the cause of your missed periods. Diagnosing amenorrhea can be complicated. There are many potential causes.

Expected duration of amenorrhea

In many teenagers with primary amenorrhea, puberty is late. But there is no permanent problem.

How long secondary amenorrhea lasts depends on the cause.

For example:

• Pregnancy will stop a woman's menstrual periods until after childbirth.
• A woman who stops taking birth control pills may not have a period for three months to a year.
• Emotional or physical stress may cause amenorrhea for as long as the stress remains.
• Rapid weight loss or gain, medications, and chronic illness can cause missed periods.
• Amenorrhea is permanent after menopause begins or after hysterectomy.

Preventing amenorrhea

In many cases, teenage girls can help to prevent primary amenorrhea. They should follow a sensible exercise program and they should maintain a normal weight.

Primary amenorrhea caused by anatomic abnormalities cannot be prevented.

You can prevent some forms of secondary amenorrhea. Take the following steps:

• Eat a balanced diet that meets your recommended daily nutritional needs.
• Exercise moderately, but not excessively, to maintain an ideal body weight and muscle tone.
• Find healthy outlets for emotional stress and daily conflicts.
• Balance work, recreation, and rest.
• Avoid excessive alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking.

Treating amenorrhea

Primary amenorrhea caused by late puberty usually does not need to be treated. The condition will go away on its own.

For primary amenorrhea caused by genetic abnormalities, treatment depends on the problem. For example, if the ovaries are not functioning properly, you may be given supplemental ovarian hormones. These will allow development of normal secondary sex characteristics such as breasts and pubic hair.

If amenorrhea is caused by a structural problem, surgery is usually necessary. For example, a vagina that doesn't have an opening may be surgically corrected.

Secondary amenorrhea may be due to menopause or a hysterectomy. In this case, your doctor will prescribe medications. They will help prevent complications of low estrogen levels.

For other forms of secondary amenorrhea, the treatment depends on the cause.

• Stress. Your doctor may advise you to enroll in a stress-management course.
• Obesity. Your doctor will outline a diet and exercise program to help you lose weight and improve overall fitness.
• Excessive athletic training. Your doctor will recommend a more moderate program. This will help normal menstruation to start again.
• Hormone imbalance. Your doctor may prescribe supplemental hormones.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome. Multiple medical treatments can help regulate menstrual periods. These include metformin, clomiphene, and cyclical use of female hormones.
• Tumors in the ovaries, uterus, or pituitary gland. Treatment depends on the type and location of the cysts or tumors. Surgery is sometimes necessary.

When to call a professional

You should contact your doctor if:

• you are 14 and have not started to develop breasts or pubic hair
• you are 15 and have not had your first menstrual period.

If you are sexually active, call your doctor if you miss a period. You will need to have a pregnancy test.

If you are not sexually active, see your doctor if:

• you have missed three consecutive menstrual periods
• your periods are irregular.

Prognosis

In most instances, symptoms and conditions related to amenorrhea are reversible and treatable.

Additional info

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
https://www.acog.org/

American Society for Reproductive Medicine
https://www.asrm.org/